Caroline Elkins' Britain's Gulag: The Brutal End of Empire in Kenya (also published as Imperial Reckoning) documents the systematic detention and torture of over a million Kenyans, primarily the Kikuyu population, during the Mau Mau uprising (1952–1960). Elkins details a "pipeline" of detention camps and villages ringed by barbed wire, characterized by starvation, forced labor, and intense brutality to break the rebellion.