Richard II is a historical tragedy that follows the downfall of King Richard II of England. The play explores the themes of power, kingship, and identity.
King Richard II is a proud and insecure ruler whose misuse of power alienates the nobility. When he unjustly seizes the lands of Henry Bolingbroke, a powerful nobleman, Bolingbroke returns from exile to reclaim his inheritance and challenge Richard’s rule.
 
As Bolingbroke gains support, Richard’s authority crumbles. He is captured, forced to abdicate, and eventually imprisoned. The play ends with Richard’s tragic fall and the transfer of power to Bolingbroke, who becomes King Henry IV.
 
Through Richard’s eloquent speeches and introspection, Shakespeare explores the nature of kingship, legitimacy, and the human cost of political conflict.